RFID devices in Humans

RFID devices utilize wireless technology to transmit data via signals in the radio frequency range. Data is stored on an electromagnetic chip that is attached to an antenna, and is packaged in a manner that can be planted on the surface of materials, animals and humans. These devices are of two types: Active and Passive. Passive devices have no internal power supply, limited range and a limited storage space that cannot be modified. Active devices are more versatile with internal power, higher range and more data storage space.

Active devices pose a high risk to the confidentiality and privacy of the humans. Considering this, the US Food and Drug Association (FDA) has only approved the passive chips for human implantation. These devices are implanted into patients with chronic diseases such as coronary artery disease, chronic pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, stroke and seizure disorder or are implanted into patients with medical devices such as pacemakers, stents or joint replacements. The device is of the size of a rice grain and can be implanted using a hypodermic-type needle.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT: RFID tags expedite access to medical history of patients. The data on the chip can be read by an RFID reader installed in the hospital and the medical record database can facilitate access to patient records, medication lists and diagnostic tests. The information on these chips should be properly integrated with the different departments in the hospital such as pharmacy and laboratory so as to be effective. With the evolution of newer versions and designs of chips in the market, there are compatibility issues with the interrogation devices and older database management systems.

PHYSICAL RISK TO PATIENTS:  Although these devices are removable, once implanted they migrate under the skin and are difficult to extract. A new technology has been developed that makes the tissues to surround and encase the device that makes it easier to locate these. But there have been instances where these devices cause electromagnetic interference with electrosurgical devices and defibrillators. These may also affect the efficacy of some drugs.

PATIENT PRIVACY AND SECURITY:  Physicians must assure that there is no divulgence of patient medical information which may lead to embarrassment, social discrimination, loss of health care coverage or other detrimental consequences. Keeping this in mind, the FDA requires the transponders to have special codes for individual identification of patients. The medical community should also advocate the adoption of other security tools such as computer encryption or digital signatures.

OTHER ISSUES: RFID can also be used in the tracking and surveillance of individuals who pose a threat to others.  Critics also say that this is an infringement upon patients’ liberties and should involve his informed consent. But every technology has its pros and cons and the onus is on the physician community to promote the use of this technology as a less intrusive alternative.

The US government has made strict laws that prohibit anyone from forcing anyone to get an RFID implant. The normal cost of a RFID chip is 50 cents nowadays and the dimensions are 12 mm*2.2 mm.